Formulation development of anti-rheumatoid gel of Saraca asoca (Roxb. ) De Wilde hydroalcoholic extract containing eucalyptus oil and peppermint oil as penetration enhancer

Abstract In the present research investigation, various concentrations of hydro-alcoholic extract of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde (family: Caesalpinaceae) dried bark and carbopol polymer at different temperature ranges were optimized for the preparation of gel formulation. Natural penetration enhancers, v.i.z., eucalyptus oil and peppermint oil were incorporated separately in the extract based gel formulations to study the rate of drug permeation across egg membrane, using franz diffusion cell. In vitro anti-arthritis potential of the formulations was also studied using inhibition of albumin denaturation, antiproteinase activity and membrane stabilization method. As per the results of current study, it is established that S. asoca dried bark hydroalcoholic extract based gel prepared using peppermint oil as penetration enhancer exhibited good permeation rate of 8.48% at the end of 3 h. The percentage inhibition of proteins by antiproteinase method at concentration of 50 µg/ml was 50.01±1.00% which was close to 53.92±0.99% as shown by the standard drug, Diclofenac. Also, the percent protein inhibition determined using membrane stabilization method was found to be 49.70±1.00%, however, it was 63.32±0.94% for the standard drug, Diclofenac. Hence, it is concluded that peppermint oil may act as a good candidate for the preparation of potent anti-rheumatic gel preparations.

Performance, meat quality, and lipidemia of meat-type quails fed with diets containing essential oils / Desempenho, qualidade da carne e lipidemia de codornas de corte alimentadas com rações contendo óleos essenciais

This study evaluated the effect of essential oil (ESOL) of Mentha piperita and Melaleuca alternifolia on meat-type quails. To examine performance, a completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and eight repetitions each, using seven birds per repetition. To assess lipidemia, a completely randomized design in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme was used, with four treatments and two collection conditions using eight repetitions and one bird per repetition. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, carcass yield, cholesterol, high-density lipoporteins, triglycerides, pH, and brightness of quail breast meat were assessed. The data were analyzed for homoscedasticity and normality, and the means were subjected to analysis of variance. Adding M. piperita and M. alternifolia ESOL to the diets of meat-type quails can improve performance, carcass yield, and meat quality characteristics, comparable to the use of performance-enhancing antibiotics. The use of zinc bacitracin, M. piperita, and M. alternifolia under different collection conditions did not increase the serum levels of low-density and very low-density lipoproteins. The variation coefficients measured after 12 hours of fasting were 86% lower than without fasting.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito do uso dos óleos essenciais (OLES) de Mentha piperita e Melaleuca alternifolia em codornas de corte. Para o estudo do desempenho foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatrotratamentos e oito repetições, sendo sete aves por repetição. Para o estudo da lipidemia utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial: 4x2, consistindo em quatro tratamentos e duas condições de coleta, com oito repetições, sendo uma ave por repetição. As variáveis analisadas foram: ganho de peso, consumo ração, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça, colesterol, HDL, triglicerídeos, pH, capacidade de retenção de água, perda de peso por cozimento, luminosidade na carne do peito de codornas. Os dados obtidos foram analisados quanto à homocedasticidade e normalidade, as médias foram submetidas à análise de variância. O uso de OLES de M. piperita e M. alternifolia na dieta de codornas de corte pode proporcionar desempenhos zootécnicos, rendimentos de carcaça e características de qualidade da carne comparáveis ao uso de antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho. A redução no nível de colesterol HDL foi notada nas aves tratadas com Bacitracina de zinco e com os OLES de M. piperita e M. alternifolia, em 8,12; 16,52 e 3,36% respectivamente. O uso da Bacitracina de zinco, da M. piperita e da M. alternifolia associado às diferentes condições de coleta não aumentaram os valores séricos de LDL, VLDL. Os coeficientes de variação aferidos na condição "após 12 horas de jejum" apresentaram-se 86% inferiores à condição "sem jejum".

Improving comprehensive retention rate of peppermint oil in freeze-dried preparation based on cyclodextrin inclusion technology / 中国中药杂志

The freeze-drying technique, characterized by low-temperature processing, is especially suitable for sensitive volatile oils with thermal instability. However, there are few studies focusing on the retention of volatile oils in the processing of freeze-dried preparations. This study evaluated the effects of different addition methods(adsorption, emulsification, solid dispersion, and inclusion) on the retention rate of the main components in peppermint oil, aiming to explore the application feasibility of freeze-dried preparations of volatile oils. Firstly, the addition method was determined based on the retention rates of menthol in four freeze-dried preparations. Secondly, an orthogonal test was designed to optimize the preparation process based on the characteristics of the preferred addition method. The results showed that the most suitable preparation form of peppermint oil was inclusion with beta-cyclodextrin(β-CD), and the retention rate of menthol in freeze-drying was 86.36%. According to the two-step preparation process of inclusion and freeze-drying, we introduced the product of inclusion rate and retention rate, i.e., comprehensive retention rate, to determine the optimum processing parameters. The results showed that β-CD/oil ratio of 7∶1, inclusion temperature of 40 ℃, and inclusion time of 2 h were the optimum processing parameters. The product prepared with these parameter had the comprehensive retention rate of 68.41%, retention rate of 92.53%, and inclusion rate of 73.93%. The inclusion compound was white powder with significantly increased solubility. The pre-paration process based on cyclodextrin inclusion in this study is stable and reliable and provides a new idea for ensuring the efficacy and stability of volatile components in freeze-dried preparations.

Adaptação homóloga e heteróloga de células sésseis de Cronobacter sakazakii a óleos essenciais / Homologous and heterologous adaptation of Cronobacter sakazakii sessile cells to essential oils

Cronobacter sakazakii é patogênico, importante contaminante de fórmulas infantis, que apresenta tolerância aos sanificantes comerciais. Assim, os óleos essenciais se destacam. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a adaptação homologa e heteróloga de células sésseis de C. sakazakii aos óleos de canela, ho wood e menta. C. sakazakii foi adaptado a concentrações subletais dos óleos e desafiado a diferentes concentrações dos mesmos, determinando-se a adaptação homóloga. Já para avaliação da adaptação heteróloga os óleos foram diferentes daqueles usados na adaptação. De modo geral a adaptação tornou as células sésseis mais sensíveis aos óleos, entretanto, houve adaptação homóloga para o óleo de canela. Também foi observada adaptação heteróloga. C. sakazakii na forma séssil foi capaz de desenvolver adaptação homóloga e heteróloga.

Anti-bacterial effects of lavender and peppermint oils on Streptococcus mutans / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of this study were to verify the antibacterial activity of two essential oils, lavender and peppermint, against dental caries and to review their synergistic effect when used in combination. Our results provide basic data for the evaluation of the use of these two substances towards the prevention and cure of dental caries. METHODS: The sample solutions of lavender and peppermint oils were prepared in three different concentrations (30%, 50%, and 70% (v/v)) by diluting them with third-distilled water and Tween 20. Streptococcus mutans was selected as the bacterial species for testing. The disk diffusion method was used to measure the antibacterial activity of the sample solutions. For generating growth curves and measuring the number of clusters of the bacterial, the liquid medium-dilution method was used; the absorbance of the medium was measured at 600 nm after 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. RESULTS: When the antibacterial activity of the oils was tested via the disk diffusion method, the activity improved with increasing concentrations of all the sample solutions of peppermint, lavender, and the blend, but there was no significant difference between them with respect to the type of oil. In the growth curves of S. mutans, growth inhibition was observed after 12 hours. The inhibitory effect of 30% lavender oil on growth was 64.9% and 80.1% after 12 and 24 hours of treatment, respectively whereas that of peppermint oil was 71.3% and 80.1% after 12 and 24 hours of treatment, respectively. The inhibitory effect of the blended oil was 71.9% and 81.0% after 12 and 24 hours of treatment, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is still required in order to determine the efficacy of lavender and peppermint oils, as well as other essential oils, for wider use in preventing dental caries.

The Effect of Olfactory Training Using Korean Version Odorants: A Preliminary Study / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Several studies have reported the benefits of olfactory training (OT) for patients with olfactory dysfunction. However, training odorants should be customized according to the characteristics of individual patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of OT using odorants familiar to Korean patients with post-upper respiratory infection (URI) olfactory dysfunction. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We prospectively evaluated patients with post-URI olfactory loss. We carried out OT over a period of 6 months using four odorants: pine, cinnamon, lemon, and peppermint. Olfaction was tested before and at 1, 3, and 6 months after training initiation using the following olfactory tests; Butanol threshold test (BTT), Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CCSIT) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS: Of the 88 patients who initially enrolled, 82 completed the BTT, CCSIT, VAS, NOSE, SNOT-20, and BDI. In total, 10 Korean patients were included in our analysis, nine of whom showed an improvement in olfaction after OT. All patients reported changes in olfaction and the perception of smells over the duration of OT. Some patients reported an increased sense of smell after OT, although he could not distinguish different smells. CONCLUSION: OT using odorants specifically selected for Korean patients resulted in improved olfactory function, as indicated by the BTT and CCSIT scores. The findings of the present study suggest that customization of odorants to fit the characteristics of patients, including ethnicity, environment, and race, among others, increases the effectiveness of OT.

Ethnobotanical inventory of medicinal plants used in the Qampaya District, Bolivia / Inventario etnobotánico de plantas medicinales usadas en el Distrito Qampaya, Bolivia

Herbal medicine therapy is traditionally practiced by indigenous healers in Bolivia for hundreds years. Due to the great geographical and ecological diversity, there are thousands of native plants, which are utilized against diverse types of diseases. Nowadays, there is a worldwide problem connected with possible loss of ethnobotany knowledge because of the lack of the interest of young people. In present study, survey focused on medicinal plants used by rural people in Qampaya District, Potosí Department, Bolivia has been done. The data were collected from 60 respondents by semi-structured interviews. The results showed that 60 plant species belonging to 30 families are known as curative plants in this area. The mostly named families were Asteraceae (14 species) followed by Lamiaceae (7 species) and Brassicaceae (4 species). Predominant health problems treated by these plants are urological problems and gastro-intestinal disorders. The most frequently used plant parts were leaves and the preparation is mostly done as infusion. Even though the knowledge of using medical plants plays important role in life of Bolivian rural people, which use plants as medicines against various types of diseases, this study showed that 25 percent of respondents didn’t know any medicinal plants. On the other hand 40 percent of asked people have known 6 or more medicinal plant species.

La terapia de la medicina herbolaria es practicada, tradicionalmente, por los curanderos indígenas en Bolivia, desde hace cientos de años. Gracias a la gran diversidad geográfica y ecológica, hay miles de plantas nativas, que se utilizan para el tratamiento de diferentes tipos de enfermedades. Hoy en día, hay un problema mundial relacionado con la posible pérdida del conocimiento etnobotánico, esto debido a la falta de interés de las nuevas generaciones. El presente estudio descriptivo, mediante una encuesta, fue enfocado a las plantas medicinales utilizadas por la población rural del Distrito Qampaya, Departamento de Potosí, Bolivia. Los datos se obtuvieron de 60 informantes mediante una encuesta semiestructurada. Los resultados mostraron que 60 especies de plantas medicinales. pertenecientes a 30 familias botánicas, son conocidas en el área de intervención. Las familias botánicas, más importantes de uso medicinal son Asteraceae (14 especies), seguido de Lamiaceae (7 especies) y Brassicaceae (4 especies). Los problemas predominantes de salud, tratados con estas especies, son los urológicos y trastornos gastrointestinales. La parte de la planta más utilizada son las hojas y la forma más común de uso es en infusión. A pesar de que el conocimiento sobre la utilización de las plantas medicinales, juega un papel importante en la vida de la población rural de Bolivia, quienes utilizan las plantas medicinales para el tratamiento de diversos tipos de enfermedades, este estudio mostró que el 25 por ciento de los encuestados no tienen conocimiento sobre la utilidad medicinal de ninguna especie vegetal. Por otro lado, el 40 por ciento de los informantes conocen 6 o más especies de plantas medicinales.

Hematological responses of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Serrassalmidae) fed with diets supplemented with essential oil from Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae) and challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila / Respostas hematológicas de tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Serrassalmidae) alimentado com dietas suplementadas com óleo essencial de Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae) e desafiados com Aeromonas hydrophila

In fish farmings, diseases can be reduced by using immunostimulants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunostimulant potential of Mentha piperita in tambaqui fed with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of oil per kg of commercial fish feed. The fish were inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila to challenge them. Hematological and biochemical parameters were determined after 30 days of feeding and seven days after the challenge. There was no mortality and M. piperita oil did not influence fish production parameters. However, blood hemoglobin concentration (Hb) increased in the fish fed with 0.5 and 1.5% of oil per kg of diet; albumin increased in those fed with 1.0%; cholesterol increased in all groups with oil; and triglycerides increased in those fed with 0.5%. After the bacterial challenge, the fish showed decreases in Hb when fed with diet enriched with 1.5% oil per kg of diet, in mean corpuscular volume with 1.0% and in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration with 0 and 1.5%. Protein levels increased in groups with 0 and 1.5% of oil and albumin when fed with 0 and 1.0%; cholesterol levels increased in the control group; and high levels of triglycerides were observed in the groups with 0, 0.5 and 1.5%. Thus, M. piperita essential oil promoted hematological alterations in tambaqui and can be recommended in diets containing up to 1.0% per kg, because of the minimal physiological modifications caused. However, additional studies are necessary to obtain more information regarding to the physiological effects of this immunostimulant.

Em pisciculturas, doenças podem ser minimizadas com o uso de imunoestimulantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial imunoestimulante do óleo essencial de Mentha piperita na dieta de tambaqui com dietas contendo 0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5% de inclusão do óleo por kg de ração comercial para peixes. Os tambaquis foram desafiados com a bactéria Aeromonas hydrophila. Hematologia e bioquímica dos tambaquis foram determinados após 30 dias de alimentação e sete dias do desafio. Não houve mortalidade dos peixes durante o experimento, sendo que o óleo não influenciou os parâmetros produtivos dos peixes. Entretanto, a concentração de hemoglobina (Hb) aumentou em peixes alimentados com 0,5 e 1,5% de óleo por kg de dieta; a albumina aumentou em 1,0%; o colesterol aumentou em todos os grupos com óleo; e triglicérides em 0,5% por kg de dieta. Após desafio bacteriano ocorreram diminuições da Hb nos peixes alimentados com 1,5% de óleo; do volume corpuscular médio com 1,0%; e da concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média com 0 e 1,5%. Níveis aumentados de proteína nos grupos 0 e 1,5%; da albumina em 0 e 1,0%; do colesterol no controle; e dos triglicérides em 0, 0,5 e 1,5% de óleo na dieta. Assim o óleo essencial de M. piperita na dieta promoveu alterações hematológicas e pode ser recomendado seu uso em inclusões de até 1,0% por kg da dieta de tambaqui, devido às mínimas alterações fisiológicas causadas. Entretanto, estudos adicionais são necessários, de modo a obter informações sobre os efeitos fisiológicos deste imunoestimulante.

Effect of hydrocooling, packaging, and cold storage on the post-harvest quality of peppermint (Mentha piperita L. ) / Efeito do hidroresfriamento e embalagem sobre hortelã-pimenta fresca armazenada em temperatura ambiente e ambiente refrigerado

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of hydrocooling and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) perforated and non-perforated packaging on post-harvest quality of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) leaves stored at 5 and 25ºC. The experiments were conducted using a subdivided parcel layout in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Each parcel used a 2x3 layout (two hydrocooling treatments and three packaging treatments) with subparcels for storage time. The shelf life, chlorophyll content, mass loss (ML), relative water content (RWC), total soluble sugars (TSS), reducing sugars (Red), non-reducing sugars (NRed) and starch of the leaves were determined. Cold storage increased the shelf life of the peppermint by up to 64 times (>15 days). Hydrocooling increased the RWC of the leaves. Plastic packaging was effective in maintaining the RWC. Unperforated packages more effectively prevented ML in the peppermint leaves and prevented the leaves from wilting for a longer period of time. The chlorophyll content of the leaves varied according to the treatment. The soluble sugars and starch levels varied according to RWC. Hydrocooling with the use of non-perforated plastic packages was the most effective method for maintaining the postharvest quality of the peppermint.

RESUMO O trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos do hidroresfriamento e da embalagem de politereftalato de etileno (PET) perfurada e não perfurada na qualidade pós-colheita de folhas de hortelã pimenta (Mentha piperita L.) armazenadas em temperatura ambiente e sob refrigeração. Os experimentos foram instalados seguindo o esquema de parcela subdividida, tendo na parcela o esquema fatorial 2x2 (dois tratamentos envolvendo hidroresfriamento e dois tratamentos envolvendo embalagens) e nas subparcelas os tempos de armazenamento no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Foi determinada a vida de prateleira, os teores de clorofila, a perda de massa fresca (PM), o teor relativo de água (TRA), os teores de açúcares solúveis totais (AST), redutores (RED), não redutores (NRED) e amido das folhas. O armazenamento refrigerado aumentou em até 64 vezes (>15 dias) a vida de prateleira de hortelã-pimenta. O hidroresfriamento aumentou o TRA das folhas. A embalagem plástica foi efetiva no aumento da vida de prateleira de hortelã-pimenta sendo eficiente na manutenção dos TRA das folhas. A embalagem não perfurada foi mais eficiente na prevenção da PM. O teor de clorofila das folhas variou de acordo com o tratamento. AST, RED, NRED e amido variaram de acordo com TRA nas folhas. O hidroresfriamento juntamente com utilização de embalagem não perfurada foi o método mais eficiente na manutenção da qualidade pós-colheita de hortelã-pimenta.

Effects of 10% Lidocaine Spray and Aroma Hand Massage on Pain, Anxiety, Blood Pressure, and Pulse During Arteriovenous Fistula Needling in Hemodialysis Patients / 재활간호학회지

PURPOSE: To determine the effects of 10% lidocaine spray and aroma hand massage on pain, anxiety, blood pressure, and pulse during arteriovenous (AV) fistula needling in hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS: This study used a quasi-experimental design. Forty HD patients were assigned to either 10% lidocaine spray group (n=21) or aroma massage group (n=19). 10% lidocaine was sprayed 3 times around AV fistula 10 minutes before. Aroma hand massage was performed for 5 minutes with fluids containing 2% of lavender, peppermint, and geranium concentrate mixture. Pain, anxiety, blood pressure, and pulse were measured during AV fistula needling without any intervention on the first week and during interventions on the second week. Data were analyzed with χ² test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, paired t-test and MANCOVA. RESULTS: Pain and anxiety were significantly decreased in both the lidocaine spray group and aroma massage group. Aroma hand massage was more effective to reduce pulse during AV fistula needling. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that 10% lidocaine spray and aroma hand massage may be effective to reduce pain, anxiety, and pulse during AV fistula needling in HD patients.

Eficacia antibacteriana de los aceites esenciales de Mentha Piperita "menta" y Rosmarinus officinalis "romero", sobre Staphylococcus aureus, estudio in vitro / Antibacterial efficacy of the essential oils of Mentha Piperita "mint" and Rosmarinus officinalis "rosemary", on Staphylococcus aureus, in vitro study

El objetivo principal de la presente investigación fue Evaluar la eficacia antimicrobiana de los aceites esenciales de Mentha piperita "menta" y Rosmarinus officinalis "romero", sobre las cepas de Staphylococcus aureus, estudio in vitro. El método aplicado fue por conveniencia con una muestra de 30 placas por cada planta. En el procedimiento se cultivó la cepa en el medio de Mueller Hinton. Mediante el método de Kirby y Bauer, se preparó los discos con los aceites esenciales de Rosmarinus officinalis y Mentha piperita, los aceites de dichas plantas fueron obtenidos por arrastre por vapor de agua. Al llevar a cabo el estudio microbiológico, se usó el aceite esencial de Rosmarinus officinalis a concentraciones de 25%, 50%, 75% y 100%; Mentha piperita al 25%, 50% ,75% y 100%. Estos aceites esenciales fueron comparados con la Amoxicilina de 250mg. Al ejecutar el estudio in vitro se lograron los subsiguientes resultados: Los halos inhibitorios de la amoxicilina de 250mg fue de 26,100±1,4227mm en comparación con el aceite de romero que fue al 25 % 6.757 ± ,4281mm; al 50% 7,417±,5427 mm, al 75% de 8,067± ,7397mm y al 100% de 7,400±,6074mm frente al S. aureus. Con el aceite esencial de Mentha al 25 % tuvo un promedio de halos de inhibición de 2,600± 2,8479 mm; al 50% 1,783 ± 2,5854mm, al 75% de 3,000 ± 3,0822mm y al 100% 5,567 de ± 2,0583 mm en comparación con amoxicilina de 250 µg fue 25,667±1,7876mm frente a las cepas de Staphylococcus aureus. Concluyendo finalmente que de los dos aceites esenciales ninguno presento eficacia antibacteriana sobre Staphylococcus aureus así mismo la amoxicilina de 250mg tampoco mostro ser eficaz contra las cepas de Staphylococcus aureus, sin embargo comparando los halos inhibitorios de ambos aceites esenciales con la amoxicilina de 250mg, esta obtuvo halos inhibitorios más amplios.

Uso terapéutico de menta piperita (menta) en pobladores del asentamiento humano Las Lomas de la Pradera. Pimentel. Chiclayo, setiembre 2014 ­ setiembre 2015 / Therapeutic use of peppermint (mint) in residents of the Las Lomas de la Pradera human settlement. Pimentel. Chiclayo, September 2014 - September 2015

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el uso terapéutico de Menta piperita (Menta), en 211 pobladores del asentamiento humano las Lomas de La Pradera distrito de Pimentel-Chiclayo, durante el periodo, setiembre 2014 a setiembre 2015, según características sociodemográficas y patrones de uso de la población. La metodología corresponde al tipo de estudio descriptivo, con diseño cuantitativo de corte transversal. El universo muestral estuvo constituido por pobladores de ambos sexos encuestadas, de las cuales se obtuvo que el 56% consumieron Menta piperita, el 50% de personas fue del género masculino con una edad promedio de entre 31 a 50 años de edad; el 25,1% tiene nivel de instrucción de primaria completa; el 85,8% indica tener ingreso mensuales menores al sueldo mínimo; el 38,1% manifestaron haber utilizado Menta piperita (Menta) para disminuir la dispepsia; respecto a las indicaciones el 47% de la población tiene poca información, 30% mencionaron saber lo suficiente, el 11% saben lo suficiente acerca de la dosis y un 96% no conocen efectos adversos. Se concluye que existe un alto porcentaje en la población de estudio que utiliza Menta piperita como recurso natural terapéutico.

Utilización de plantas medicinales como alternativa a las benzodiazepinas: revisón bibliográfica / Use of medicinal plants as an alternative to benzodiazepines: a review

El uso de las benzodiazepinas (BZD) ha ido incrementándose en losúltimos años. Son los fármacos más utilizados en el ámbito médico parael tratamiento de los trastornos del ritmo sueño-vigilia y en los trastornosde ansiedad. Poseen serios efectos adversos en tanto alteran laarquitectura del sueño, provocan tolerancia y dependencia, incoordinaciónmotora y debilidad muscular, y a mediano y largo plazo altera funcionescognitivas tales como la memoria y la atención. Se analizan las posiblesalternativas a éstas medicaciones que pueden dar una respuesta similaro mejorada sin los efectos adversos mencionados.Entre ellas encontramos a las medicinas naturales o fitoterapia. Seplantea como objetivo realizar una revisión bibliográfica que permitadeterminar los actuales usos de plantas medicinales en los cuadros deinsomnio y en los trastornos de ansiedad. Se encontró que ciertasplantas medicinales son una alternativa terapéutica segura y eficaz parasuplantar a las BZD en los trastornos del sueño y la ansiedad, cuandosu uso es responsable y respaldado con evidencia científica.

The use of benzodiazepines (BZD) has been increasing in recent years.They are commonly used in the medical field for the treatment ofdisorders of sleep-wake rhythm and anxiety disorders. BZD presentserious adverse effects like alter sleep architecture, cause tolerance anddependence, motor incoordination and muscle weakness, medium andlong term alter cognitive functions such as memory and attention. Weanalyze possible alternatives to these medications that can give a similarresponse or improved it without the side effects listed. Among them wefound the natural or herbal medicines. We perform a literature review todetermine current uses of medicinal plants in the tables of insomnia andanxiety disorders. It was found that certain herbs are a safe and effectivetherapeutic alternative way to supplant the BZD in sleep disorders andanxiety, when its use is responsible and backed with scientific evidence.

Evaluación del potencial hepatoprotector de la Mentha piperita L previo a la inducción de hepatotoxicidad con acetaminofen / Evaluation of hepatoprotective potential of Mentha piperita L before induction of hepatotoxicity with acetaminophen

A preclinical pharmacological study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Mentha piperita L. against paracetamol induced toxicity. Adult male NMRI mice who were administered orally soft plant extracts in doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, three consecutive days prior to the induction of hepatotoxicity were used. Clinical signs of toxicity, hepatic biochemical parameters and morphological analysis of the liver was evaluated. The biochemical parameters analyzed showed significant differences, but none of the two groups showed a similar untreated control group behavior. No macroscopic changes in the liver were confirmed. Microscopically, the study groups with Mentha piperita L. showed mild to moderate damage with significant differences from the untreated control group. The evaluation of hepatoprotective potential on the M. piperita L. extract at doses studied did not behave as hepatoprotective agent...

Se realizó un estudio farmacológico preclínico para evaluar el efecto hepatoprotector de Mentha piperita L. frente a la toxicidad inducida por el paracetamol. Se emplearon ratones adultos machos NMRI a los que se administró por vía oral extractos blandos de la planta a dosis de 200 mg/kg y 400 mg/kg, tres días consecutivos previos a la inducción de la hepatotoxicidad. Se evaluaron los signos clínicos de toxicidad, parámetros bioquímicos hepáticos y el análisis morfológico del hígado. Los parámetros bioquímicos analizados mostraron diferencias altamente significativas, pero ninguno de los dos grupos presentaron un comportamiento similar al grupo control no tratado. No se confirmaron alteraciones macroscópicas del hígado. A nivel Microscópico, los grupos en estudio con Mentha piperita L. presentaron daños de leves a moderados con diferencias significativas respecto al grupo control no tratado. Se puede afirmar que según la evaluación del potencial hepatoprotector del extracto de M. piperita L. a las dosis estudiadas no se comportó como agente hepatoprotector...

Physiological indexese macro- and micronutrients in plant tissue and essential oil of Mentha piperita L. grown in nutrient solution with variation in N, P, K and Mg levels / Índices fisiológicos, macro e micronutrientes no tecido vegetal e óleo essencial de Mentha piperita L. cultivada em solução nutritiva com variação de N, P, K e Mg.

Mentha piperita L. is an aromatic and medicinal species of the family Lamiaceae, known as mint or peppermint, and its leaves and branches produce essential oil rich in menthol. This study aimed to evaluate physiological indexes, macro- and micronutrients inthe shootsand essential oil of Mentha piperita L. grown in nutrient solution number 2 of Hoagland and Arnon (1950) with different N, P, K and Mg levels. Shoot length, dry mass of the different organs, total dry mass, leaf area, essential oil yield and composition, and macronutrient (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S) and micronutrient (Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn) contents in the shoot were evaluated. Plants treated with 65%N/50%P/25%K/100%Mg had a tendency towards longer shoot, greaterroot and leaf blade dry masses, higher essential oil yield, higher menthol levels and lower menthone levels. The results showed that Mentha can be grown in nutrient solution by reducing 65% N, 50% P, 25% K and 100% Mg. This solution had better development compared to the other tested treatments. Therefore,we recommendMentha piperita L. to be grown with such nutrient levels.

Mentha piperita L., é uma espécie aromática e medicinal pertencente à família Lamiaceae, conhecida como menta ou hortelã-pimenta que produz em sua parte aérea óleo essencial rico em mentol. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os índices fisiológicos, macro e micronutrientes na parte aérea e óleo essencial de Mentha piperita L. cultivada em solução nutritiva numero Hoagland e Arnon (1950) com variação dos níveis de N, P, K e Mg. Foram avaliados comprimento da parte aérea, massa seca dos diferentes órgãos e total, área foliar, rendimento e composição do óleo essencial, teor de macronutrientes (N, P, K, Mg, Ca e S), e de micronutrientes (Mn, Cu, Fe e Zn) na parte aérea. As plantas nutridas com 65% de N, 50% de P, 25% de K, e 100% de Mg, apresentaram tendência de maior comprimento de parte aérea e massa seca de raízes e de lâminas foliares; maior rendimento de óleo essencial e, em média, maiores teores de mentol e menores teores de mentona. O resultados permitem concluir que a Mentha pode ser cultivada em solução nutritiva reduzindo-se 65% de N, 50% de P, 25% de K e 100% de Mg. Esta solução apresentou melhor desenvolvimento em relação aos outros tratamentos. Recomenda-se, portanto, o cultivo da Mentha piperita L. com tais níveis de nutrientes.

Qualidade de folhas e rendimento de óleo essencial em hortelã pimenta (Mentha x Piperita L. ) submetida ao processo de secagem em secador de leito fixo / Quality of leaves and essential oil yield of peppermint (Mentha x piperita L. ) submitted to the drying process in fixed-bed dryer

O uso de plantas medicinais e seus derivados para o tratamento de doenças é uma prática antiga e se percebe, atualmente, uma crescente procura por produtos naturais, incluindo medicamentos, produtos alimentícios, e cosméticos. Hortelã pimenta (Mentha x Piperita L), além de ser uma planta medicinal, pode ser utilizada para obtenção de aromatizantes, infusões, e temperos. O processo de secagem se faz necessário para aumentar o tempo de conservação e a vida útil do produto facilitando seu transporte, manuseio, e armazenamento. Para que os produtos derivados da hortelã pimenta tenham qualidade é necessário estudos sobre o processo de pré e de pós-colheita. Objetivou-se neste estudo identificar a temperatura de secagem, em duas velocidades de ar circulante, que minimize a degradação da cor das folhas e permita obter maior rendimento de óleo essencial. Folhas da hortelã foram colhidas manualmente no horário entre 7:15 e 8:00, e submetidas a secagem em duas velocidades do ar (0,3 e 0,5 m.s-1) e em cinco temperaturas (30, 40, 50, 60 e 70 °C). O material seco foi analisado quanto à cor utilizando-se colorímetro com escala do sistema CIELab baseado em coloração dentro dos padrões da Norma DIN 6174 (1979). A quantificação do óleo essencial foi realizada por hidrodestilação em aparelho Clevenger. Observou-se que temperaturas superiores a 50 °C reduzem o rendimento. A cor das folhas submetidas à secagem diferencia-se da cor das folhas frescas. De acordo com a Norma DIN 6174, a cor das folhas submetidas a secagem com temperatura até 40 °C são "Facilmente distinguíveis" e para as folhas submetidas à secagem a temperaturas superior a 50 °C, a diferenciação é "Muito grande". Conclui-se que para obter o máximo de rendimento do óleo essencial e o mínimo de degradação da cor, a secagem deve ser realizada a temperatura de até 50 ºC. A velocidade do ar de secagem, na faixa de 0,3 a 0,5 m.s-1, não afetou os parâmetros avaliados.

The use of medicinal plants and their derivatives for the treatment of diseases is an ancient practice. Currently, there is a growing demand for natural products, not only medicines, but also food and cosmetics. The peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.), in addition to being a medicinal plant, can be used for obtaining flavorings, spices and tea infusions. The drying process is necessary to increase the shelf life of the product and to facilitatg itr transport, handling and storage. For peppermint derivatives of sufficient quality, it is necessary studies on the pre- and post-harvest. The objective of this study is to identify the temperature and air velocity that minimizs the degradation of the color of the leaves with higher oil yield. PepperMint leaves were harvested manually from 7:15 to 8:00 a.m. and dried in trays in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 5 factorial design, being two air velocities (0.3 and 0.5 m.s-1) and five temperatures (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C) with three replications. The dried material was analyzed for color using a colorimeter with the CIELab scale system based on a color within the DIN 6174 standards (1979). The quantification of the essential oil was performed by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The analyzes were performed in triplicate. Ws observed that the yield of essential oil of the dry leaves was highertwhan compared to the yield presented by the fresh leaves. This effect was attributed to the fact that the lower water content in the leaves enables the vapor stream generated in the extractor to promots a more effective drag of the volatile oilcompounds stored in the cells; however, a temperature exceeding 50 °C promotes a reduction in yield. The color of the leaves submitted to drying is different from the color of fresh leaves. According to the DIN 6174 standard, the color of the leaves subjected to drying at the temperature up to 40 °C is "easily distinguishable" and, for the leaves submitted to drying at temperatures higher than 50 °C, the differentiation is "too large". We conclude that to get the maximum yield of essential oil and minimal color degradation, drying should be carried out at a temperature of up to 50 °C. The rate of the drying processes in the rangeofrom 0.3 to 0.5 m.s-1 did not affect the parameters evaluated.

Reguladores de crescimento vegetal no cultivo in vitro de Mentha x Piperita L / Plant growth regulators on in vitro culture of Mentha x piperita L

A micropropagação é uma técnica muitas vezes indicada para a multiplicação em larga escala de plantas com propriedades medicinais. Dentre elas, destaca-se a hortelã-pimenta (Mentha x Piperita L.), cujo óleo essencial é utilizado no tratamento de transtornos digestivos e respiratórios. Para otimizar o protocolo de micropropagação dessa espécie são necessários estudos, principalmente quanto à suplementação do meio de cultura para garantir a produção massal in vitro e posterior extração do óleo essencial. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de concentrações e combinações de reguladores de crescimento vegetal na morfogênese in vitro de hortelã-pimenta. Segmentos nodais provenientes de plântulas estabelecidas in vitro foram utilizados como fonte de explante e inoculados em meio de cultura MS suplementado com 0; 2,0 e 4,0 mg L-1 de BAP (6-benzilaminopurina), 0; 0,5 e 1,5 mg L-1 de ANA (ácido naftaleno-acético) e 0; 0,5 e 1,0 mg L-1 de GA3 (ácido giberélico). O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 3x3x3 com oito repetições. Concluiu-se que o BAP favoreceu a sobrevivência de segmentos nodais de M. x Piperita inoculados in vitro e, quando combinado ao GA3, promoveu a brotação dos explantes. Essas características, no entanto, não foram estimuladas pela adição de ANA ao meio de cultura. Conclui-se que após a multiplicação dos brotos in vitro estes devem ser transferidos para meio sem reguladores para seu desenvolvimento. Apesar dos efeitos benéficos do BAP na organogênese de M. x Piperita, elevadas concentrações deste regulador de crescimento vegetal promoveram a formação de calos.

Micropropagation is a technique used for the large-scale production of medicinal plants. Among them, peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) may be mentioned because of the pharmacological importance of its essential oil, which is used on the treatment of digestive and respiratory disorders. Studies are needed in order to optimize the micropropagation protocol of this species, especially concerning the culture medium, to ensure the in vitro mass clonal production and to enable the future extraction of the plant essential oil. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the effects of concentrations and combinations of different plant growth regulators on the in vitro morphogenesis of peppermint. Nodal segments from plantlets already established in vitro were used as explants and inoculated on MS medium supplemented with 0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg L-1 of BAP (6-benzylaminopurine), 0, 0.5 and 1.5 mg L-1 of NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) and 0; 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1 of GA3 (gibberellic acid). The experiment was in a completely randomized design, set up as a 3x3x3 factorial design with eight replicates. We concluded that BAP increases the survival rate of in vitro inoculated nodal segments of M. x piperita. In addition, its combination with GA3 stimulates explants shooting. Those aspects, however, are not promoted by the addition of NAA into the culture medium. Also, the results indicate that, after in vitro multiplication, peppermint shoots must be transferred to another medium without plant growth regulators for shoot elongation. High concentrations of BAP promote calli induction, despite having beneficial effects on the organogenesis of M. piperita.

Análise da eficácia do óleo de hortelã pimenta (Mentha piperita L) na síndrome do intestino irritável: revisão baseada em evidência / Analysis of the efficacy of the peppermint oil (Mentha piperita L) on irritable bowel syndrome: an evidence-based review / Análisis de la eficacia del aceite de menta (Mentha piperita L) sobre el síndrome del intestino irritable: revisión basada en evidencia

Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do óleo de hortelã-pimenta (Mentha piperita L) no tratamento de indivíduos com síndrome do intestino irritável (SII), analisando a melhora dos sintomas e da qualidade de vida. Métodos: Foram realizadas pesquisas nas bases de dados Trip database, National Guideline Clearinghouse, Guidelines finder, Cochrane Library, Dare, Bandolier e Medline utilizando os termos MeSH Irritable bowel syndrome e peppermint oil. Foram incluídas normas de orientação clínica (NOC), revisões sistemáticas e metanálises e ensaios clínicos aleatorizados e controlados (ECAC) que avaliassem a eficácia do óleo de hortelã-pimenta (OHP) no alívio sintomático ou melhoria da qualidade de vida de indivíduos com SII, quando comparado com placebo ou outra terapêutica validada. Resultados e Discussão: Foram selecionados 8 artigos (5 NOC, 3 revisões sistemáticas/metanálises). A evidência sugere que o OHP é eficaz no alívio sintomático global da SII, especialmente quando existe dor abdominal, verificando-se a sua superioridade em relação ao placebo na maioria dos estudos avaliados ­ com odds ratio favorecendo o óleo de hortelã-pimenta atingindo 2,7 (IC de 95% de 1,6 a 4,8) e NNT de 3. Existe também evidência de melhoria da qualidade de vida com o OHP, em comparação com o placebo (p<0,001). Conclusão: A evidência demonstra eficácia do OHP na SII, especialmente quando existe um componente de dor abdominal, quando comparado com o placebo (força de recomendação B). São necessários mais estudos com qualidade metodológica que avaliem eficácia e segurança a longo prazo do OHP no alívio sintomático da SII.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of peppermint oil (Mentha piperita L.) on individuals diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) regarding symptom improvement and quality of life enhancement. Methods: Literature search was conducted according to evidence based on methodology review at Trip database, National Guideline Clearinghouse, Guidelines finder, Cochrane Library, Dare, Bandolier and Medline, as well as using the MeSH index terms "Irritable bowel syndrome" and "peppermint oil". We selected practice guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analysis and randomized controlled trials that evaluated peppermint oil (PO) efficacy in improving symptoms and/or quality of life when compared to placebo or other approved therapy for IBS. Results and Discussion: A total of eight articles were selected including five practice guidelines and three systematic reviews/ meta-analysis. Existing evidence suggests that there are enough data to support the use of peppermint oil in IBS for overall symptomatic relief, especially when abdominal pain is the dominant symptom, when compared to placebo (with an odds ratio of 2.7; CI 95%, 1.6 to 4.8 and NNT of 3). There is also evidence regarding overall quality of life improvement when using PO compared to placebo (p<0.001). Conclusion: So far, evidence suggests that PO should be considered for IBS patients, especially in the presence of abdominal pain (Strength of recommendation B). However, more high methodological quality studies that evaluate long-term efficacy and security of PO are needed.

Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del aceite de menta (Mentha piperita L.) en el tratamiento de pacientes con síndrome del intestino irritable (SII) y analizar el alivio de sus síntomas y la mejora en su calidad de vida. Métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos Trip database, National Guideline Clearinghouse, Guidelines finder, Cochrane Library, Dare, Bandolier y Medline usando los términos MeSH "Irritable bowel syndrome" y "peppermint oil". Se incluyeron las normas de orientación clínica (NOC), revisiones sistemáticas y meta-análisis y ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados (ECAC) para evaluar la eficacia del aceite de menta (AM) en el alivio sintomático y mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas con SII en comparación con el placebo u otra terapia validada. Resultados y Discusión: Se seleccionaron ocho estudios (cinco NOC y tres revisiones sistemáticas/meta-análisis). La evidencia sugiere que el AM es eficaz en el alivio de los síntomas generales del SII, en particular si había dolor abdominal, verificandose su superioridad sobre el placebo en la mayoría de los estudios evaluados (odds ratio de 2,7; IC 95% de 1,6 a 4,8 y NNT de 3). Hubo también evidencia de mejora en la calidad de vida en los pacientes tratados con AM, en comparación con el placebo (p <0,001). Conclusión: Las pruebas demuestran la eficacia del AM en el SII, especialmente en presencia de dolor abdominal, en comparación con el placebo (fuerza de recomendación B). Se necesitan más estudios con buena calidad metodológica que evalúen la eficacia y la seguridad a largo plazo del AM en el alivio de los síntomas del SII.

Volatile composition of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) commercial teas through solid phase extraction

Volatiles from aqueous extract of peppermint commercial sachets were investigated through gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS). Samples were prepared under similar conditions as in homemade tea. Volatiles were isolated using solid phase extraction method (SPE) with Porapak Q trap followed by desorption with acetone. Estimated mean values for short and medium chain carboxylic acids (C2- C12) and ketones lay in the range of 50-64 μg kg-1 whilst aliphatic alcohols and acyclic hydrocarbons had values lower than 6 μg kg-1. The major volatiles were terpenes (275-382 μg kg-1) that reached 89 % of the total composition. A total of 16 compounds, among them dodecane, acetoin, acetol, citral, geraniol and octanoic acid have been described by the first time in peppermint tea. These findings could be attributed to the different analytical approach employed, mainly to the use of different extraction/pre-concentration techniques. Given the apparently lower proportion of terpenes in the aqueous extract it may be that the chemical properties of the peppermint essential oil are not entirely reproduced with homemade tea.

Estudo da composição da fração volátil do extrato aquoso de sachês de hortelã pimenta (Mentha piperita L.) através da extração em fase sólida. O princípio desse trabalho foi investigar a fração volátil do extrato aquoso de sachês comerciais de hortelã pimenta usando cromatografia gasosa com detectores de ionização em chama e de massas. As amostras foram preparadas em condições similares às usadas para o preparo do chá caseiro. Os compostos voláteis foram isolados via método de extração em fase sólida com adsorvente Porapak Q e eluídos com acetona. Uma estimativa dos valores médios dos ácidos carboxílicos de cadeias média e curta ficou na faixa de 50-64 μg kg-1, enquanto alcoóis alifáticos e hidrocarbonetos acíclicos tiveram valores menores do que 6 μg kg-1. Os terpenos (275-382 μg kg-1) foram os compostos majoritários alcançando 89 % dos sólidos totais. Um total de 16 compostos voláteis, entre eles, dodecano, acetoína, acetol, citral, geraniol e ácido octanóico foram descritos pela primeira vez no chá de hortelã pimenta. Esses resultados poderiam ser atribuídos aos diferentes métodos analíticos empregados, principalmente devido ao uso de diferentes técnicas de extração e pré-concentração. Em função da proporção menor de terpenos no extrato aquoso é razoável especular que as propriedades químicas do óleo essencial da hortelã pimenta não sejam totalmente reproduzidas com o consumo do chá caseiro.

In vitro antibacterial effects of five volatile oil extracts against intramacrophage Brucella abortus 544

Brucella abortus is a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium that can cause a highly contagious disease in sheep, goats, cattle and one-humped camels. It is responsible for one of the most important zoonosis in human. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of Mentha piperita, Origanum majorana, Citrus lemon, Cinnamomum verum and Myristica fragrans essential volatile oil extracts on human macrophages infected by B. abortus 544. Essential volatile oil extracts from M. piperita, O. majorana, C. lemon, C. verum and M. fragrans were extracted. Human macrophages were cultured at a density of 2_10[5] cells per well in sterile 96-well microtiter plates, and infected with B. abortus 544 at a ratio of 1:100 bacteria/cell. Then essential volatile oil extracts were added at a concentration of 1%. At specified times; cells were washed, lysed with 0.1% Triton, and plated on 2YT agar to determine the number of intracellular bacteria. Cinnamomum verum volatile oil at a concentration of 1% had the highest antibacterial activity against B. abortus 544 inside human macrophages. Its inhibitory effect observed from 24 h and continued till 144 h after the infection. Moreover, C. verum [0.1%] in combination with 1% concentration of M. piperita, O. majorana, C. lemon or M. fragrans volatile oil extracts produced a synergistic inhibitory effect against B. abortus 544. The results indicate that, among the five selected oil extracts, C. verum volatile oil applied either separately or in combination with other oil extracts had the most effective antimicrobial activity against Brucella